Abstract: Low to medium energy frequent impact disturbances have characteristics of high frequency and strong disturbances, which seriously threaten the long-term stability of roadways. Using a self-developed impact testing system, cycle impact of 5 000 J in energy was conducted on the rock bolt support system, and the parameters, such as rock bolt deformation, load, energy absorption, and rock fragmentation characteristics are synchronously monitored to quantitatively explore the dynamic response characteristics of the rock bolt support system. The results show that the response time of rock bolt first decreases rapidly and then gradually extends with cyclic impact. The load and energy absorption characteristic parameters of rock bolt first increase and then decrease. The response time of rock bolt, load and energy absorption characteristic parameter reach their extremes during the second impact. Under the cyclic impact, the lattice structure of the rock bolt is stretched, resulting in an enhanced deformation resistance of the rock bolt. Therefore, under equal energy impact, the peak deformation of the rock bolt decreases, but the deformation rate of the rock bolt reaches its maximum during the second impact. The first impact causes the closure of primary micro defects in the surrounding rock of the roadway, improving the integrity and enhancing the bearing capacity of surrounding rock. However, the second impact leads to the maximum of various parameters of rock bolts, such as bolt deformation, and characteristic parameters of energy absorption. The closer the surrounding rock is to the surface of the roadway, the higher the degree of fragmentation, and the more complex the distribution of cracks, which is consistent with the mine-site monitoring results.