Abstract: This study addresses two typical engineering challenges in deep mine roadway bolt support: anchorage failure induced by continuous large deformation of surrounding rock in soft-rock roadways and bolt fracture induced by discontinuous deformation of surrounding rock in hard-rock roadways. Laboratory testing methods for bolt anchorage performance were developed accordingly. To be specific, full-scale laboratory tests were conducted with the aid of a self-developed RTR-3122 bolt anchorage testing machine to analyze the load-displacement behavior of end-anchored bolts (anchorage length: 100–1200 mm) and the tensile, shear, torsional, and tensile-shear composite responses of fully grouted bolts in fractured rock masses. The results indicate that the ultimate load and energy absorption of end-anchored bolt systems are governed by anchorage length, with energy absorption peaks correlated to this length. Short anchorage (≤400 mm) leads to sudden slip failure; medium anchorage (400–700 mm) exhibits progressive damage; and long anchorage (>700 mm) results in ductile failure via bolt fracture. For fully grouted bolts, the failure mode is dominated by rock fracture characteristics, with stress and energy concentrated locally at the fracture plane, which is distinctly different from the failure characteristics of the bolt rod itself. Anchorage failure in soft rock primarily involves interface debonding and rock plastic deformation, whereas hard rock anchorage induces "relatively brittle" fractures due to stress concentration in the bolt. These experimental findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing anchorage length in deep mine roadway bolt design and evaluating the adaptability of bolt-reinforced rock masses.