Abstract: To address the frequent fracture of bolts (cables) in roadway thin-layered roofs under mining-induced disturbances, this study takes the transportation roadway of the B1003W05 working face in the Shajihai Coal Mine as the engineering background. By integrating field detection, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation, the characteristics and mechanisms of bolt fracture are systematically investigated. The research shows that under the influence of lateral abutment pressure from adjacent goaf, the roof exhibits significant asymmetric deformation, with a bolt (cable) fracture rate of 17.2% on the coal pillar side. The fracture mechanism is attributed to the incompatible expansion deformation of shallow weak rock layers relative to adjacent harder rock layers, resulting in a local “bulging” phenomenon in the weak strata. This causes the bolts (cables) to undergo strong shear action under tensile conditions, leading to failure. Based on this, a detection system was developed to rapidly identify the hazardous layers in the roof where bolt (cable) damage and fracture occur. Furthermore, a local borehole enlarging method for bolt holes was proposed, with key parameters determined through theoretical calculations. The results indicate that local enlarging reduces the shear force on bolts (cables) by 86%, and the maximum horizontal displacement of the bolt body decreases by up to 70%, significantly improving the stress state. This method was successfully applied in the transportation roadway of the B1003E06 working face, with an enlarged section height of 1.2 m and diameter of 0.06 m. During the monitoring period, no abnormal phenomena such as sudden drops in bolt (cable) support force, fracture of bolt bodies, or severe local deformation of the roof surrounding rock were observed, effectively preventing the damage and fracture of bolts (cables) in the thin-layered roof of the mining roadway.