Abstract: To address the problems in soft surrounding rock—including the poor ability of cable bolts to stir and mix the resin and low resin compactness, which makes it difficult to exert the high-strength supporting capacity of large-diameter cable bolts—meanwhile, the large diameter of such cable bolts leads to narrow gaps between anchoring holes and the cable bolts themselves, rendering traditional efficiency-enhancing anchoring structures for small-diameter cable bolts inapplicable and thus resulting in generally low utilization of the high-strength supporting capacity of large-diameter ones, this study proposes a high-efficiency anchoring technology for large-diameter cable bolts based on multi-stage stirring and diameter expansion-guiding-lifting, and develops corresponding multi-stage stirring-mixing components as well as diameter expansion-guiding-lifting components. Theoretical analysis reveals the mechanism of "stage-by-stage stirring" for the multi-stage stirring-mixing components and elucidates how they improve resin stirring effectiveness. Numerical simulation was employed to comparatively analyze the flow and mixing characteristics of resin under high-efficiency and normal anchoring conditions, verifying the enhancing effect of the high-efficiency anchoring device on resin migration velocity, diffusion range, and axial lifting. Laboratory tests were performed to evaluate the device’s influence on resin compactness and cable bolt pull-out force. The results showed that the compactness of the mixed resin was significantly improved, and the average peak anchoring force of high-efficiency anchoring specimens reached 213.6 kN—1.34 times that of normal anchoring specimens (159.4 kN). This confirms the effectiveness of the proposed high-efficiency anchoring technology for large-diameter cable bolts. The device features low production cost, easy industrialization, and no interference with the normal construction of cable bolts. The research results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for improving the anchoring quality of large-diameter cable bolts in soft surrounding rock.