Abstract: The surrounding rock of roadway often contains complex joint fissures, holes of different sizes and other internal structural characteristics. These defects seriously affect the stability of surrounding rock of roadway. Indoor physical model test is one of the main ways to study the stability of engineering rock mass. However, a number of physical models with exactly the same structure and properties are difficult to be manufactured by traditional methods, and the mechanical properties and internal structure of the physical model are quite different from the mechanical properties of the actual rock mass, which greatly limits the scientific nature of the physical model test in reflecting the actual engineering roadway. In recent years, the rapid development of 3D printing technology can effectively make up for the shortcomings of traditional methods. At the level of material research and development, sand-powder 3D printing coal-rock-like materials with high similarity to natural coal-rock in mechanical behavior are successfully prepared by systematically regulating printing matrix, particle gradation, binder saturation and glass fiber content, which lays a material foundation for the production of physical models. At the level of mechanism research, based on the mechanical test of anchorage body carried out by this kind of coal rock material, the anchorage mechanism of supporting elements such as bolt is systematically revealed, and the feasibility of using it to simulate the anchorage test of natural rock mass is verified, which provides a theoretical basis for the design of supporting structure. Finally, at the physical model test level, the sand-powder 3D printing technology is further studied. Through the layered printing process, the physical models of the anchored roadway under the conditions of complete surrounding rock and fractured surrounding rock are constructed respectively. Combined with biaxial loading system and digital speckle technique (DIC), the influence of cracks on the deformation and failure law of roadway was quantitatively analyzed. The failure mode revealed by the test is highly consistent with the field observation results. A series of studies have shown that sand-powder 3D printing technology can achieve high-precision reconstruction from material properties, internal structure to mechanical response, effectively make up for the shortcomings of traditional model test methods, and show good application prospects and scientificity in physical simulation research of rock mass engineering.