Abstract: The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock is a key parameter for evaluating the mechanical properties of rock. Real-time and accurate acquisition of UCS during the rock bolting and drilling process is crucial for guiding roadway roof support design and bolting operations. A drilling-bolting integrated sensing test system was developed using a combined drilling-bolting anchor rod and a drilling arm. This system enables real-time monitoring of parameters from the hydraulic system, including hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic motor parameters, and the displacement of drilling box. By analyzing the characteristics of each parameter, single and combined parameters as a function of rock strength variation, the study established the correlation between UCS and the work performed by the hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic motor, and the total system on a unit volume of rock during drilling. A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the advantages and limitations of each parameter. The results show that single and combined parameters of the hydraulic system are correlated with the UCS of rock. Some parameters demonstrate higher correlation, with the fitting function coefficients for the hydraulic cylinder’s oil inlet and return ends being 0.8408 and 0.8497, respectively. The drilling speed of the drill box exhibits the highest correlation coefficient of 0.953 3 with UCS followed by the work performed by the hydraulic motor (0.9215), total system work (0.8950), and hydraulic cylinder work (0.8552). Among these, the fitting function of hydraulic cylinder return-end pressure achieves the best performance, with an error rate of 14.33%, which is below 15%, followed by the drilling speed of the drill box, with an error rate of 16.12%, less than 20%; The error rate for drill box speed is 16.12%, below 20%, while the error rates for total system work, hydraulic motor work, and hydraulic cylinder work are 20.73%, 21.79%, and 23.78%, respectively all below 25%, indicating reliable predictive performance. The hydraulic motor contributed the majority of the total work performed by the system, with an average contribution of 99.22%. However, as rock strength increases, the proportion of work performed by the hydraulic motor in the total system gradually decreases. The parameters with higher fitting function correlation coefficients include hydraulic cylinder oil inlet and return-end pressures, drill box drilling speed, hydraulic motor work, total system work, and hydraulic cylinder work. These parameters are critical for predicting UCS, which constitutes the core focus of this study. These findings provide valuable references for rapid excavation using integrated drilling and bolting systems, stability evaluation of surrounding rock in roadways, and optimization of bolting support schemes.